Analysis of the prevalence and social security situation of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mine industry in Jiangsu Province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To understand the social security situation of current cases of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mine industries in Jiangsu Province, and to provide reference for the treatment and security work of pneumoconiosis patients. Methods: From January to October 2020, a follow-up survey was conducted on 4038 cases of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mine industries of the province from October 1949 to December 2019. The age, type of pneumoconiosis, industry type, and social security status of the patients were collected. Namely, work-related injury insurance, employer compensation, basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents, major illness insurance, etc. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical description and analysis. Results: The cases of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mine industries in Jiangsu Province ranged in age from 36 to 105 (70.78±8.43) years old, and had been exposed to dust for 1 to 55 (19.27±9.29) years. Silicosis was the main form (3875 cases, 95.96%), and non-metallic mining and dressing industry was the main form (2618 cases, 64.83%). A total of 3991 cases (98.84%) of pneumoconiosis patients enjoyed social security, most of them were urban and rural residents with basic medical insurance (3624 cases, 89.75%), but there were still 47 patients without any social security. 15 cases (0.37%) enjoyed the subsistence allowance, with the monthly allowance amount ranging from 104 to 3960 yuan, with the average amount of 954.87 yuan/month. Conclusion: In Jiangsu Province, the proportion of pneumoconiosis patients in non-coal mine industries enjoying social security is relatively high, but there are still patients who do not enjoy any social security, and the difference in the amount of subsistence allowance is slightly larger. It is necessary to further improve the medical security of pneumoconiosis patients and improve their quality of life.

Natural radioactive level in raw coal of coal mines in some regions of China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To understand the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U in raw coal of coal mines in some regions of China, and to explore the correlation between ore with different activity concentrations and the concentration of radon and its progeny in the workplace. Methods Raw coal samples were collected in twelve coal mines in five provinces, and the activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U were measured by a high-purity germanium γ-ray spectrometric system. Results The activity concentrations of four natural radionuclides in the raw coal samples of twelve coal mines were all lower than 1000 Bq/kg, and the activity concentration of 238U in one coal mine was close to 100 Bq/kg. The content of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U in different coal mines varied greatly, but 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U were basically at the same level in the same coal mine. Conclusion None of the 12 coal mines belong to radio active mines. One of the coal mines investigated has the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U close to the standard limit for restricted-use management mines. It is suggested to study the correlation between the content of 226Ra in raw ore, intermediate products, tailings(slag), or other residues and the concentration of radon and its progeny in mines. Monitoring and protection of radon and its progeny in the decay chain should be strengthened for coal mines with high activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U.

Investigation on diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To understand the incidence of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province, and provide reference for the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in the non-coal mining industry. Methods: The data of 7019 newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis patients in non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province from January 1956 to December 2019 were collected through the Jiangsu Province Pneumoconiosis Follow-up Network Report System, including the gender of the pneumoconiosis patients, the name of the employer and the location, the industry classification of the employer, the duration of dust exposure in dust exposure, the name of occupational pneumoconiosis disease, the date of diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, etc. The collected case data of patients with pneumoconiosis were entered into the statistical software, and the characteristics of the patients' diagnosis time, region and industry were analyzed. Results: The number of confirmed pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province was mostly in 2007 (395 cases) , concentrated in Wuxi City (40.96%, 2875/7019) and Suzhou City (27.72%, 1946/7019) . The industries to which the patients belonged were mainly non-metallic mining and dressing (60.95%, 4278/7019) , and the most common type of pneumoconiosis was silicosis (96.40%, 6766/7019) . The patients were mainly stageⅠpneumoconiosis (61.33%, 4305/7019) . There were statistically significant differences in the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure among patients with different pneumoconiosis stages (P<0.01) . The differences in the average diagnosis age and the average duration of dust exposure of patients with different types of pneumoconiosis were statistically significant (P<0.05) , the mean age of diagnosis and the average duration of dust exposure of electric welders were the smallest, which were (44.92±7.74) years old and (17.38±10.15) years, respectively. Conclusion: The regional and industry distribution characteristics of new pneumoconiosis patients in the non-coal mining industry in Jiangsu Province are obvious, and attention should be paid to the treatment of pneumoconiosis patients with young diagnosed age and short duration of dust exposure, as well as the personal protection and health protection of front-line workers such as electric welders who are exposed to productive dust in a short period of time.

Analysis of chromosome aberration in peripheral blood lymphocytes of underground miners in non-uranium metal mines / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of underground miners, in order to explore the influencing factors involved in chromosomal aberration levels of non-uranium metal mines.Methods:Totall 135 workers were recruited from an iron mine and a gold mine located in different cities of Henan province, where 69 workers worked aboveground and 66 miners worked underground in the metal mines. The radon concentration in the mines was measured by solid-state nuclear track detectors. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from the subjects were detected using conventional analysis method, and the influence factors of chromosomal aberrations were analyzed.Results:Radon concentration was 30-2 943 Bq/m 3 in the aboveground workplace of the mines, and 62-28 314 Bq/m 3 in underground. The age of the underground group was obviously lower than that of the aboveground group( t=2.12, P<0.05), but the frequencies of dicentrics, translocation, acentric fragment, and total chromosome-type aberrations in the underground group were significantly higher than those in the aboveground group ( χ2=10.49, 16.74, 8.15, 29.50, P<0.01). Consistent results were obtained when only male workers were regarded as object of observation ( χ2=8.44, 11.63, 4.94, 20.81, P<0.05). The frequency of translocation ( χ2=8.44, P<0.05) was dependent on the length of service in the underground group. Poisson regression analysis indicated that the aboveground and undergroud grouping partly affected the levels of dicentrics, translocation, acentric fragment, and total chromosome-type aberrations (the underground group IRR=3.25, 2.69, 1.97, 2.18, P<0.05). Conclusions:The radon exposure in the underground workplace of the metal mines may be the main factor resulting in the increase of chromosome-type aberrations of miners. The occupational health and safety of the miners who may be exposed to high radon levels are worthy of great attention.

Riesgo por exposición a agentes químicos y atmósferas explosivas en minas de carbón de Tópaga, Colombia / Risk due to exposure to chemical agents and explosive atmospheres in the coal mines of Tópaga, Colombia / Risco de exposição a agentes químicos e atmosferas explosivas em minas de carvão em Topaga, Colômbia

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal con enfoque descriptivo con el objetivo de determinar el riesgo por exposición a agentes químicos, atmósferas peligrosas y definir recomendaciones para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en las minas de carbón de Tópaga (Boyacá). Para recopilar la información se utilizó el cuestionario para la identificación y prevención del riesgo en espacios confinados, del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, y se realizaron mediciones de gases en las minas. Los resultados muestran que el 25% de las minas tienen niveles de oxígeno inferiores a 19,5% y ninguna supera el límite de explosividad. El 15% supera el Valor Límite Permisible (VLP) de monóxido de carbono y el 20% supera el VLP de sulfuro de hidrógeno y dióxido de azufre. Entre las recomendaciones propuestas se encuentra favorecer la ventilación natural, aplicar ventilación forzada cuando la natural resulte insuficiente y el empleo de calzado y herramientas antichispa. Se concluye que, en general, las condiciones de trabajo en las minas son inadecuadas para la seguridad y salud de los mineros.

ABSTRACT An observational cross-sectional study with a descriptive approach was carried out with the objective of determining the risk due to exposure to chemical agents, dangerous atmospheres and defining recommendations to improve working conditions in the coal mines of Tópaga (Boyacá). During the data collection process was used the questionnaire for the identification and prevention of risk in confined spaces, of the National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at Work. Moreover gas measurements were made in the mines. The results show that 25% of the mines have oxygen levels below 19.5% and none exceed the explosive limit. 15% exceed the Permissible Limit Value (VLP) for carbon monoxide and 20% exceed the VLP for hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. The proposed recommendations include favoring natural ventilation, applying forced ventilation when the natural one is insufficient and the use of non-sparking shoes and tools. It is concluded that, in general, the working conditions in the mines are inadequate for the safety and health of the miners.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com abordagem descritiva com o objetivo de determinar o risco devido à exposição a agentes químicos, atmosferas perigosas e definir recomendações para melhorar as condições de trabalho nas minas de carvão de Tópaga em Boyacá. Para colher as informações, foi utilizado o questionário de identificação e prevenção de riscos em espaços confinados, do Instituto Nacional de Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho, e realizaram medidas do nível dos gases nas minas visitadas. Os resultados mostram que 25% das minas apresentam níveis de oxigênio abaixo de 19,5% e nenhuma excede o limite explosivo. 15% excedem o valor limite permitido (VLP) para o monóxido de carbono e 20% excedem o VLP para o sulfeto de hidrogênio e dióxido de enxofre. Entre as recomendações propostas estão favorecer a ventilação natural, aplicar ventilação forçada quando a ventilação natural for insuficiente e o uso de calçados e ferramentas anti-faísca. Conclui-se que, em geral, as condições de trabalho nas minas são inadequadas para a segurança e a saúde dos mineiros.

Monitoring and analysis of food radionuclides around a uranium mine in Xinjiang / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To understand the radioactivity level of food surrounding a uranium mine in Xinjiang, to supplement the baseline database of food radionuclides in Xinjiang, to analyze the content of radionuclides and to estimate the internal exposure dose of residents caused by dietary intake. Methods The specific activity of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra, 40K and 137Cs of interest nuclides was measured, statistically analyzed by high purity germanium γ spectrometer, and the annual effective dose of these nuclides was estimated. Results No nuclide 238U was detected in food samples from 2018 to 2020. The average activity concentration and detection rate of other radionuclides were 232Th: 0.428 ± 0.038 Bq/kg (18.3%)、226Ra: 0.477 ± 0.063 Bq/kg (38%)、40K: 162 ± 7 Bq/kg (100%)、137Cs: 0.071 ± 0.011 Bq/kg (29.6%). The annual effective dose of residents due to food radionuclides was about 0.198 mSv. Conclusion The radioactivity level of food in the vicinity of a uranium mining mountain in Xinjiang is within the national standard limit, and the average annual effective dose caused by the diet of residents is consistent with the report of UNSCEAR in 2000. The content of artificial radionuclide 137Cs detected in food samples will not cause harm to the health of residents.

Reproduction and population dynamics of cave-dwelling bats in Costa of Oaxaca, México

Introduction: Reproduction is a critical phase for most living organisms and in bats the reproductive strategies exhibit considerable complexity and variability. Objective: To describe the reproductive patterns and population dynamics of seven bat species (Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus and Natalus mexicanus) that roost in one mine (La Mina) and two caves (El Apanguito and Cerro Huatulco) in the State of Oaxaca, in Southeastern México. Methods: Sampling was conducted monthly from July 2016 to June 2017. Bats were captured using a harp trap, which was placed at the entrance of the roosts. The captured bats were identified using taxonomic keys, marked with an aluminum ring, sex and age class were also determined. Reproductive activity was modeled through 63 GLMs for each species (504 in total). The best model was selected according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Results: A total of 5 836 bats were captured and marked, classified into 14 species, 10 genera, and five families. The most abundant species were: P. fulvus and P. mesoamericanus, representing 41 % and 32.3 % of the captures, respectively. The mormopids M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus,together with N. mexicanus showed a restricted seasonal monoestrous pattern, while the phyllostomids A. toltecus, C. perspicillata, and G. soricina showed a seasonal bimodal polyoestry pattern. The monthly abundance of species fluctuated significantly (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) in the three roosts throughout the entire study period and the best supported GLM that included the seven species showed that the six chosen variables (season, sex, roost, temperature, precipitation and humidity) were positively associated with reproductive activity. Conclusions: The reproductive activity of each species seems to be synchronized with the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, as well as influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity and roost site.

Introducción: La reproducción es una fase crítica para la mayoría de los organismos vivos y en los murciélagos las estrategias reproductivas exhiben considerable complejidad y variabilidad. Objetivo: Describir los patrones reproductivos y la dinámica poblacional de siete especies de murciélagos: Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus y Natalus mexicanus, que se refugian en una mina (La Mina) y dos cuevas (El Apanguito y Cerro Huatulco), en el estado de Oaxaca, sureste de México. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó una vez al mes de julio 2016 a junio 2017. Los murciélagos se capturaron utilizando una trampa de arpa que fue colocada en la entrada de los refugios. La especie de los murciélagos capturados fue determinada con claves de identificación taxonómica, además fueron marcados con un anillo de aluminio y también se determinó el sexo y la clase de edad. La actividad reproductiva fue modelada a través de 63 GLMs para cada especie (504 en total). El mejor modelo fue seleccionado según el Criterio de Información de Akaike (AIC). Resultados: Se capturaron y marcaron 5 836 murciélagos, incluidos en 14 especies, 10 géneros y cinco familias. Las especies más abundantes fueron: P. fulvus y P. mesoamericanus, que representaron el 41 y el 32.3 % de las capturas, respectivamente. Los mormópidos M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus junto con N. mexicanus mostraron un patrón monoéstrico estacional,mientras que los filostómidos A. toltecus, C. perspicillata y G. soricina mostraron un patrón poliéstrico estacional bimodal. La abundancia mensual de las especies fluctuó significativamente (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) en los tres refugios a lo largo del periodo de estudio y el GLM mejor respaldado que incluyó las siete especies mostró que las seis variables elegidas (temporada, sexo, refugio, temperatura, precipitación y humedad) se asociaron positivamente con la actividad reproductiva. Conclusiones: La actividad reproductiva de cada especie parece estar sincronizada con el final de la temporada seca y el comienzo de la temporada de lluvias, e influenciada por factores como temperatura, humedad y el sitio de refugio.

Hearing function of gold miners with and without a history of tuberculosis treatment: a retrospective data review / Função auditiva de garimpeiros com e sem história de tratamento de tuberculose: uma revisão retrospectiva dos dados

Abstract Introduction: South Africa has a high prevalence of co-existing tuberculosis and HIV. As ototoxicity linked to the treatments for these conditions occurs with concomitant exposure to other ear toxins such as hazardous noise exposure, it is important to investigate the combination impact of these toxins. Limited published evidence exists on the co-occurrence of these conditions within this population. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the hearing function of gold miners with (treatment group) and without (non-treatment group) the history of tuberculosis treatment, in order to determine which group had increased risk of noise induced hearing loss. Furthermore, possible influence of age and HIV in these two groups was examined. Methods: A retrospective record review of 102 miners' audiological records, divided into two groups, was conducted, with data analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: Findings suggest that gold miners with a history of tuberculosis treatment have worse hearing thresholds in the high frequencies when compared to those without this history; with evidence of a noise induced hearing loss notch at 6000 Hz in both groups. Pearson's correlations showed values between 0 and 0.3 (0 and −0.3) which are indicative of a weak positive (negative) correlation between HIV and hearing loss, as well as between hearing loss and age in this population. Conclusions: Current findings highlight the importance of strategic hearing conservation programs, including ototoxicity monitoring, and the possible use of oto-protective/chemo-protective agents in this population.

Resumo Introdução: A África do Sul apresenta uma alta prevalência de coinfecção de tuberculose e HIV. Como a ototoxicidade associada aos tratamentos para essas condições é observada na exposição concomitante a outros agentes ototóxicos, como a exposição a ruídos perigosos, é importante investigar o impacto da combinação desses agentes. São poucas as evidências publicadas sobre a co-ocorrência dessas condições nessa população. Objetivo: Comparar a função auditiva de garimpeiros com (grupo tratamento) e sem (grupo sem tratamento) história de tratamento de tuberculose, a fim de determinar que grupo apresentava maior risco de perda auditiva induzida por ruído. Além disso, avaliou-se a possível influência da idade e do HIV nesses dois grupos. Método: Os registros audiológicos de 102 garimpeiros, divididos em dois grupos, foram revisados de forma retrospectiva; os dados foram qualitativa e quantitativamente analisados. Resultados: Os achados indicam os garimpeiros com histórico de tratamento de tuberculose apresentam piores limiares auditivos nas altas frequências quando comparados àqueles sem esse histórico; em ambos os grupos, observou-se perda auditiva induzida por ruído com entalhe audiométrico a 6.000 Hz. As correlações de Pearson mostraram valores entre 0 e 0,3 (0 e -0,3), que são indicativos de uma fraca correlação positiva (negativa) entre o HIV e a perda auditiva, bem como entre a perda auditiva e a idade nessa população. Conclusões: Os resultados atuais destacam a importância de programas estratégicos de conservação auditiva, inclusive monitoramento de ototoxicidade, e o possível uso de agentes oto-/quimioprotetores nessa população.

A study of relationship between blood mercury concentration and hypertension in residents living in old mine fields and related factors

BACKGROUND: In Korea, around the abandoned metal mines, heavy metals are being accumulating in the cultivated areas. Among exposed heavy metals, mercury is known to harm for cardiovascular system known to affect blood pressure. So, we studied the relationship between blood mercury level and hypertension in residents around abandoned metal mines. METHODS: From 2008 to 2011, we surveyed 7,055 residents in provinces affected by abandoned metal mines and collected data from 6 Hospitals. We conducted a personal questionnaire interview survey with residents on the basis of household questionnaires, sex, age, household income, smoking, and drinking items. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between blood mercury level and hypertension. RESULTS: We compared residents with low and high groups based on blood mercury level 5.8 μg/L, and higher group was significantly higher risk of hypertension than lower group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.277; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.135–1.436), also in adjusted model, higher group was significantly higher risk of hypertension than lower group (OR: 1.276; 95% CI: 1.117–1.457). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a significant correlation between mercury and hypertension in residents around abandoned metal mines. Therefore, we should continuously monitor people who are higher than the standard value and the hypertensive patients.

Avian Communities in the Amazonian Cangas Vegetation: Biogeographic Affinities, Components of Beta-Diversity and Conservation

ABSTRACT The Amazonian cangas is a vegetation type distributed as patches of open vegetation embedded in a matrix of tropical forest and that grows over iron-rich soils in the Serra dos Carajás region. To characterize cangas avifauna, we surveyed birds in eight patches varying from 43 to 1,366 hectares. Cangas avifauna has compositional affinities with savannas widespread throughout the Amazon and other biomes, and we estimate that more than 200 bird species occurs in this habitat. Species composition was relatively homogeneous, and the similarity among cangas patches was the dominant component of the beta-diversity. Bird communities in cangas patches exhibited statistically significant nested structure in respect to species richness and patch size. In contrast, the nested site arrangement was not affected by the isolation of patches. Number of species and composition are moderately affected by the area of cangas patches but not by its degree of isolation. To conserve this unique habitat are necessary a strict protection of carefully chosen patches of cangas and an investigation of the conservation value of secondary vegetation recovered by the mining companies.

The characteristics of mine explosion injury of wading in shoal: A study on an animal model / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the characteristics and mechanism of mine blast injury that wading in shoal of different depths through an animal model.Methods Ninety-six healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.19 ± 0.12kg were randomly divided into land group (n=16),limb wading group (n=16,the water depth reaching up the middle of the thighs of rabbits),and chest wading group (n=16,the water depth reaching up the thoracic xiphoid),stress test group (n=30),fake injury group (n=18).Punctiform burster was used to simulate landmine.Electric ignited the simulated mine away,causing landmine explosion injury to rabbits' one-sided hind limbs in upright state.High-speed photography was used to observe the movement of water accompanying the simulated mine explosion.Arterial blood serum markers of myocardial injury (CK-MB,cTnⅠ) and nerve injury (MBP,NSE) were detected before injury,and 3,6 and 12h after injury,and echocardiography,electrocardiography,CT,DSA and other examinations were implemented at the same time.Survival animals were killed 12h after injury for anatomy to record their injuries to the limbs and distant organs.The histopathological examination was done to define the injury characteristics furthen Results Feet and distal tibia were broken,and closed femoral fractures and arterial damage were often found away from the stump in limb wading group.This type of injury was different from the mop-like tearing tissue in the land group.Chest,abdominal organs and the brain,spinal cord injury in wading group were more severe than those in land group.There were higher incidences of chest,abdominal organs and spinal cord injury in chest wading Group.Conclusion The energy transfer of underwater explosion is affected by water depth and limbs or trunk mutually,which is an important mechanism of the complex and serious injuries in the wading group.The wading depth is an important factor affecting severity of the injury.Based on characteristics and unique mechanism of wading explosion,emergency treatment and the principle of early treatment for injury warrant further explored.

Tuberculosis in the mines of Zambia: A case for intervention

Zambia is among the sub-Saharan countries highly burdened with tuberculosis (TB) and has an estimated prevalence rate of 638 per 100 000 population in those aged 15 years and above. The mining industry is the main contributor to the country's gross national product, although it is associated with public health challenges, with TB in the mines being among the occupational health diseases having a negative economic impact and threatening to delay the control of TB in the country. We reviewed available evidence on the extent of the burden of TB in the mines so as to inform the development of targeted interventions for the post-2015 End TB Strategy. This was a review of published data from Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Embase, including unpublished “grey” literature on the burden of TB and the risk factors of TB in the mines of Zambia. There is limited research in Zambia to fully understand the burden of TB and risk factors associated with TB in the mines. However, the few studies and data available have shown that TB is a significant health problem requiring interventions to improve the quality of life of miners, ex-miners and surrounding communities. TB is a potential problem in the mines of Zambia and the actual burden needs to be determined. Exposure to silica as a risk factor needs further investigation.

Tuberculosis in the mines of Zambia:A case for intervention

Zambia is among the sub-Saharan countries highly burdened with tuberculosis (TB) and has an estimated prevalence rate of 638 per 100 000 population in those aged 15 years and above. The mining industry is the main contributor to the country's gross national product, although it is associated with public health challenges, with TB in the mines being among the occupational health diseases having a negative economic impact and threatening to delay the control of TB in the country. We reviewed available evidence on the extent of the burden of TB in the mines so as to inform the development of targeted interventions for the post-2015 End TB Strategy. This was a review of published data from Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Embase, including unpublished “grey”literature on the burden of TB and the risk factors of TB in the mines of Zambia. There is limited research in Zambia to fully understand the burden of TB and risk factors asso-ciated with TB in the mines. However, the few studies and data available have shown that TB is a significant health problem requiring interventions to improve the quality of life of miners, ex-miners and surrounding communities. TB is a potential problem in the mines of Zambia and the actual burden needs to be determined. Exposure to silica as a risk factor needs further investigation.

Ernst Hasenclever em Gongo-Soco: exploração inglesa nas minas de ouro em Minas Gerais no século XIX / Ernst Hasenclever in Gongo-Soco: English exploitation of the gold mines in the state of Minas Gerais in the nineteenth century

A partir do relato de Ernst Hasenclever sobre sua visita à mina de ouro de Gongo-Soco em 1839, o artigo procura compreender o sistema organizacional administrativo e de trabalho implementado pelas empresas inglesas de mineração de ouro em Minas Gerais, sobretudo na segunda metade do século XIX, período no qual o sistema escravista caminhava para seu final. Nosso objetivo é mostrar a continuidade do sistema administrativo e do uso da mão de obra escrava pelas empresas de capital inglês a partir da década de 1830 até o final do século, apesar da pressão exercida pela Inglaterra contra o tráfico transatlântico de escravos e da proibição aos súditos de sua majestade de possuir escravos em qualquer parte do mundo.

Based on the report of Ernst Hasenclever on his visit to the Gong-Soco gold mine in 1839, this article seeks to understand the labor and administrative organizational system implemented by the English gold mining companies in Minas Gerais, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century at a time when the slave-based system was in its final stages. Our objective is to show the continuity of the administrative system and the use of slave labor by the English companies from the 1830s until the end of the century, despite the pressure applied by England against the transatlantic slave trade and the prohibition of Her Majesty’s subjects to own slaves anywhere in the world.

Trabalho nos subterrâneos, mineiros com a palavra - cenário de preocupações para a enfermagem do trabalho / Work underground, miners speak out - a concerning scenario for workplace health and safety / Trabajo subterráneo, mineros con la palabra - escenario de preocupaciones para la enfermería del trabajo

As condições de trabalho em minas subterrâneas são extremas, o mineiro está sujeito, a todo o momento, a presenciar ou sofrer acidentes fatais, incapacitantes ou mutiladores. Estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa que visa conhecer e discutir as condições de trabalho do mineiro, os fatores associados ao risco de exposição laboral e as suas implicações para o trabalho em minas subterrâneas. A coleta dos dados deu-se em 2010, com seis mineiros aposentados que aceitaram participar do estudo, previamente aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Do corpus da análise de conteúdo despontaram três categorias temáticas: condições de trabalho: a mina...; fatores associados ao risco de exposição laboral: trabalhei...; implicações para o trabalho em minas: seria importante que... Os enfrentamentos aos riscos ambientais, cuidado com o corpo e adoecimentos e acidentes revelam que o modo de organização e práticas do trabalho gera sofrimento para o mineiro. A questão da saúde do trabalhador ultrapassa a técnica e requer a atuação de profissionais, como o Enfermeiro do Trabalho, para promover a saúde.

The conditions in subsurface mines are extreme: at any moment, the miner may witness or suffer fatal, disabling or mutilating accidents. This is a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, aiming to investigate and discuss the miner's work conditions, the factors associated with the risk of occupational exposure, and its implications for work in subsurface mines. Data collection took place in 2010, with six retired miners who accepted to participate in the study, which had been previously approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Three thematic categories emerged from the corpus of the content analysis: work conditions: the mine...; factors associated with the risk of occupational exposure: I worked...; implications for the work in mines: it would be important that... The facing of environmental risks, the care for the body, and illnesses and accidents reveal that how the work is organized, and the work practices, cause the miner suffering. The issue of worker's health goes beyond technique and requires the action of professionals, such as the Workplace Health and Safety Nurse, to promote health.

Las condiciones de trabajo son extremas en las minas subterráneas y se está sujeto a presenciar o sufrir accidentes fatales, incapacitantes o mutiladores. Estudio descriptivo exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo que busca conocer y discutir el trabajo del minero, los factores asociados al riesgo de la exposición laboral y sus implicaciones en el trabajo en las minas subterráneas. Los datos se obtuvieron en 2010 con seis mineros jubilados que aceptaron participar en el estudio, previamente aprobados por el Comité de Ética de Investigación. El corpus de análisis de contenido emergieron tres temas: las condiciones de trabajo: una mina ...; los factores asociados con el riesgo de exposición ocupacional: Se teje ...; implicaciones para el trabajo en las minas: es importante que ... La exposición a riegos medioambientales, el cuidado del cuerpo, las enfermedades y los accidentes revelan que el modo de organización y prácticas laborales generan sufrimiento. La cuestión de la salud del trabajador va más allá de la técnica y requiere la actuación de profesionales, como el enfermero de trabajo, para promover la salud.

Particularidades de las amputaciones en los combatientes internacionalistas evacuados durante la «Operación Carlota¼ / Special features of amputations in internationalist fighters evacuated during the «Carlota Operation¼

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las características de los conflictos bélicos han modificado los patrones de lesiones, lo que obedece al empleo de dispositivos explosivos que ocasionan pérdida de miembros, tienen evolución clínica complicada, requieren tratamiento prolongado y se asocian con alta mortalidad. OBJETIVO. Describir las características y manejo de los combatientes internacionalistas cubanos amputados, evacuados durante la «Operación Carlota¼. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal con los internacionalistas evacuados, en el período desde diciembre de 1975 a diciembre de 1989. Del total de lesionados de extremidades se tomó una muestra de 2 003 combatientes, de ellos se seleccionaron todos los pacientes amputados (155; 7,7 %). Las principales variables fueron: especialidad militar, agente causal, región anatómica, tipo y causa de amputación, proceder quirúrgico y complicaciones. RESULTADOS. La especialidad militar más afectada fue la infantería (40; 25,82 %). Predominaron los pacientes con amputaciones en el miembro superior (89; 57,42 %), fundamentalmente la mano, causadas básicamente por armas de fuego (66; 42,58 %); hubo pérdida de un segmento o extremidad inferior, sobre todo localizada en la pierna (37; 23,87 %) y el pie (20; 12,90 %) por explosión de minas (45; 29,03 %). La causa más frecuente fue el traumatismo grave (139; 89,68 %). Predominaron las amputaciones abiertas (165; 76,74 %) y de tipo menor (138; 64,19 %). CONCLUSIONES. La atención a los amputados en condiciones de guerra aún constituye un reto para el cirujano militar. La multiplicidad de lesiones agrava el estado y hace complejo su manejo. El control de la hemorragia, procederes abiertos, el desbridamiento y fasciotomía garantizan la vida y disminuyen las secuelas.

INTRODUCTION. The war conflicts features have modified the lesions patterns, obeying to the use of explosive devices causing limbs loss, have a complicated course, require a long-term treatment, and are associated to a high mortality. OBJECTIVE. To describe the features and management of Cuban internationalist fighters underwent amputations, evacuated during the «Carlota Operation¼. METHODS. A cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and observational study was conducted in evacuated internationalists from December, 1975 and December, 1989. From total of injured persons of limbs we took a sample including 2 003 fighters, from them we selected all amputees (155; 7.7 %). Main variables were: military specialty, causal agent, anatomic region, type and cause of amputation, surgical procedure, and complications. RESULTS. The more affected specialty was the infantry (40; 25.82 %). There was predominance of patients with upper limbs amputations (89; 57.42 %), mainly of the hands, basically caused by firearms (66; 42.58 %), loss of a segment or lower limb mainly located in legs (37; 23.87 %) and the foot (20, 12.90 %), by mine explosion (45; 29.03 %). The more frequent cause was the severe trauma (139; 89.68 %). There was predominance of open amputations (165; 76, 74%) and of minor type (138; 64.19 %). CONCLUSIONS. Amputees care under conditions of war is still a challenge for military surgeon. Lesions multiplicity increases the status burden and difficult its management. Hemorrhage control, open procedures, debridement and fasciotomy guarantee the life and decrease the sequelae.

Estudio de plantas vasculares en terrenos aledaños a los yacimientos de caliza en Nobsa, Boyacá. Colombia / Study f vascularr plants in neighboring lands of limesone deposits inn nobsa, boyacá, Colomiia

El estudio que se presenta a continuación se realizó en los terrenos de la empresa Acerías Paz del Rio, en los sectores de Chameza, Belencito y Malsitio, los cuales han sido utilizados para la explotación minera, por lo cual la empresa debe implementar planes de manejo ambiental en donde la restauración se lleve a cabo con especies propias de la región, motivo por el cual se llevó a cabo el estudio de la riqueza y composición florística de los estratos, junto a la caracterización fisonómica, calculando la cobertura, el área basal, índice de valor de importancia (IVI) e índice de predominio fisonómico (IPF), con base en el muestreo de los individuos en 20 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m para un total de 2000 m² de área considerada. Se encontraron 51 familias, 130 géneros y 149 especies. El sector con menor abundancia en familias, géneros y especies es Chameza con porcentajes de 30% para familias, géneros 27.7% y especies con el 27%. La familia más diversa a nivel de géneros es Asteraceaea con 22%. El sector de Malsitio fue el que presentó mayor número de especies, con 113, seguido por Belencito con 106 y, finalmente, Chameza con 81. Para el estrato subarbóreo y arbóreo se encontró que la especie con mayor índice de valor de importancia IVI e índice de predominio fisonómico IPF, fue Escallonia pendula 212 (IPF) y 204 (IVI). Con el anterior estudio se contribuyó a la implementación adecuada de planes de restauración en terrenos que han sido explotados por su riqueza minera.

The present study was performed on lands belonging to in the grounds of Acerias Paz del Rio Company in the areas of Chameza, Belencito and Malsitio, which have been used for mining; so therefore, the company must implement environmental management plans in which the that contemplate the restoration is carried out with regional species of the region, why this research was conducted in order to study the richness and floristic composition of the layers stratum, together with the physiognomic characterization, by means of calculating the coverage, the basal area, importance value index (IVI) and physiognomic dominance index (IPFPDI), based on the sampling of individuals in 20 plots of 10 m x 10 m for a total of a 2000 m² area in question. Where they found 51 families, 130 genera and 149 species were found. The sector with the lowest abundance in families, genera and species is Chameza with percentages of: 30% for families, genera and species with 27.7%, and species with to 27%. The most diverse family at the genus- level gender iswas Asteraceaea with 22%. The sector Malsitio sector which waspresented the highest number of species 113, followed by Belencito with 106, and finally Belencito with Chameza with 81. For the sub-arboreal and arboreal stratums, subarbóreo and found that the species with the highest importance value index and (IVI) and physiognomic dominance index (PDI) of IPF was Escallonia pendula 212 (IPF) and 204 (IVIPDI). In the previous study contributeds to the proper implementation of restoration plans in areas that have been exploited for itstheir mineral wealth.

Measurement of radon concentration and dose assessment of miners for non-uranium mines in Shandong Province / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To measure 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in the underground non-uranium mines in Shandong Province,and to estimate the annual effective dose to the miners.Methods Concentrations of 222Rn and 220Rn in selected gold,iron,coal and clay mines were determined by passive time-integrating detectors with CR-39.Activity concentrations of 226Ra,232Th and 40K were determined using gamma spectrometry equipped with HPGe detector.Results The average concentrations of 220Rn in the gold,iron,coal and clay mines were estimated to be 1200,280,120 and 40 Bq/m3,respectively.The activity concentrations of 226Ra,232Th,40K in the ores for gold,iron,coal and clay mines ranged the same as the soil in China.The annual effective dose due to radon exposure in gold and iron mine was 7.70 mSv and 1.74 mSv,respectively.The annual doses received by miners in the coal and clay mines were lower than 1 mSv.Conclusions Underground miners in some gold and iron mines should be treated as workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.The measurement such as increasing ventilation should be implemented to reduce underground radon concentration in these mines.

Restauración e eexplotaciones de minas caliza / Retoration in liimestone mines exploitation

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación constituye un plan de restauración en terrenos que han sido utilizados para la explotación de caliza en la empresa Acerías Paz del Rio. Esta propuesta es producto de la previa caracterización de plantas superiores que realizaron las autoras en sitios donde se realizó la explotación de minas caliza (Chameza, Belencito y Mal Sitio). Este estudio tiene en cuenta tres componentes: el suelo, la vegetación y el trabajo con estudiantes.

The present work constitutes a restoration plan in areas that have been used for the exploitation of limestone in the Acerias Paz del Rio Company. This proposal is the product of a previous characterization of superior plants carried out by the authors in places where the exploitation of limestone mines took place (Chameza, Belencito and Mal Sitio). This study considers three components: soil, vegetation and the work with students.

Change of Skin Temperature of Workers Using Vibrating Tools in Anthracite Mines / 예방의학회지

By implementing epoch-making policies for industrial promotion, the national economy has made a remarkable development. As a result of such economic growth, industrial accidents and occupational diseases have become a serious problem in Korean society. In the presidential order for the execution of the Korean Labor Standard Law, neuritis and other diseases stemming from health impairments due to vibrations in industrial processes are designated to be dealt with as vibration diseases. In the case of vibration disease, industrial accident compensation is not effectively paid. In order to investigate the vibration hazards of rock-drill operation, the authors studied the subjective symptoms and performed physical function tests on a total of 79 persons (vibration exposed group) who used rock-drills, and 39 persons (control group) who did not use rock-drills at anthracite mines. The results of the physical function test were as follows : 1. The right hand was more affected by white finger than the left hand. 2. Independent variables such as duration of rock-drill operation, age, drinking and smoking were identified as statistically significant factors for the occurrence of white finger. 3. In the pain sense threshold, the group with Raynaud's phenomenon showed a statistically higher level than that of the control group. 4. The skin temperature of the group with Raynaud's phenomenon was lower than that of the control group. The recovery time of skin temperature after cooling was delayed compared with the value of the control group.